为何印度学生喜欢来中国学医 ？Why Indian Medical Students Prefer China？

文/ Madhurima Nundy

by Madhurima Nundy

　　自本世纪以来，随着中国高等院校扩招，中国日益受到各国留学生青睐。有学者预计，到2020年，来华留学的人数将达到50万。如今，在华留学生中，有七成来自于亚洲国家。

　　Since the beginning of the century, higher education in China has expanded, making the country an increasingly popular destination for students from around the world. Experts estimate that the flow of inbound students to China will increase to 500,000 by 2020. Presently, almost 70 percent of international students in China hail from Asia.

　　中国之所以受外国留学生欢迎有多重原因。过去十年，中国投入巨资，旨在将其重点院校打造成世界级学府。在2016年QS世界高校排名中，中国至少有三所大学跻身前一百名。

　　China is an attractive destination for students for many reasons. In the last decade, the country has invested heavily in major universities to elevate them to world-class institutions. At least three Chinese universities rank among the top 100 in the World University Rankings.

　　中国政府采取了多项措施以吸引外国留学生。近年来，政府在一些学科上提供奖学金，多所学校都推出了同国外学校合作办学的项目，合作方多为北美高校。参与合作办学项目的学生一部分时间在中国学习，一部分时间前往西方国家学习。

　　The Chinese government has introduced several measures to attract foreign students. In the recent years the government has offered scholarships for students in certain fields. Several universities now feature “split campus” programs wherein they partner with a foreign university, mostly in North America. A participating student completes part of the program in the Chinese university and the other at the partner university in the West.

　　2005年9月15日，180名成绩优异的印度高中毕业生考入武汉大学医学院，这是武汉大学首次招收本科留学生。[CFP]

　　而在国际联合办学的高校，学生可以不出国门就拿到外国文凭。参与合作项目的北美高校的教师会到中国授课。许多西方国家的学生也喜欢到中国学习，中国的生活成本和学费比大多数发达国家都低，中国的教学质量在许多方面也和国外旗鼓相当。

　　At joint venture universities, students can get an international degree by studying just in China. Faculty from partnering universities in North America visit their Chinese counterparts to teach for a time. Many students from the West like to study in China because the cost of living and tuition are relatively lower than most developed countries and the quality of education is similar in many ways.

　　2014年，超过30万印度学生到国外接受高等教育。虽然美国、加拿大、澳大利亚和英国仍然是印度学生的主要留学目的地，但是由于中国政府在人文学科、社会科学、管理学、医学和工程学科上提供了多项奖学金，中国正越来越受到印度学生的欢迎。

　　In 2014, over 300,000 Indian students travelled abroad for higher education. While the United States, Canada, Australia and the United Kingdom are still major destinations for Indian students, China is gradually becoming an important destination due to the availability of several Chinese government-sponsored scholarships in the humanities, social sciences, business management, medicine and engineering.

　　据国际教育协会的数据显示，2015年印度在华留学生的总人数达到了16694人，而十年前在华印度学生仅有765人。

　　According to Project Atlas, managed by the Institute for International Education, the total number of Indian students in China in 2015 was reported at 16,694 as compared to 765 just a decade ago.

　　2006年11月27日，58名印度学生到厦门大学学医，这是厦门大学有史以来招收的首批印度留学生。图为国内学生与印度留学生进行交流。[CFP]

　　有趣的是，印度留学生中80%都选择攻读医学本科专业，远超排名第二、第三的中文和文学。不过相比之下，前往印度求学的中国学生仅有2000余人。

　　Interestingly, 80 percent of them are pursuing undergraduate medical school, followed by Chinese language and literature. Comparatively, the number of Chinese students in India has remained low at about 2,000.

　　在出国学医印度学生眼中最受青睐的国家中，中国排名第一，其次是俄罗斯、尼泊尔、乌克兰、哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦和菲律宾。目前，超过1.3万名印度学生正在这些国家攻读医学专业。

　　For Indian students, the most preferred destination to study medicine abroad is China followed by Russia, Nepal, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and the Philippines. Over 13,000 Indian students are currently studying medicine in these countries.

　　自2004年，中国开始向医学专业的国外留学生敞开大门。随后几年间，中国放宽了相关规定。

　　China opened its doors to foreign students seeking education in medicine in 2004. Streamlining regulations took a number of years.

　　印度医学委员会提供了一份有45所中国医学院校的名单，清单所列全部为公立学校，这些学校可以为外国留学生提供共计3470个入学名额。这份名单已经被中国教育部认可并公布，该名单中学校全部可提供英文医学课程。

　　The Medical Council of India (MCI) presently lists 45 Chinese Medical Institutions, all public, which offer 3,470 seats to international students. This list has been issued and approved by the Ministry of Education of the PRC to include only institutions that offer medical education in the English language.

　　2016年02月02日，江苏大学，几名印度留学生在新年联欢会后自拍。[CFP]

　　中国医学专业学制为六年，最后一年为实习期，进行实习之前必须要修汉语课程。印度驻华使馆为有意来华学医的学生提供了详细的指南。

　　The six-year program includes a year-long internship, and compulsory Mandarin classes are a prerequisite for the internship in the final year. The Indian Embassy in Beijing provides detailed guidelines for students hoping to study medicine in China.

　　印度不少留学中介推动了印度留学生来华，甚至还出现了一些影子中介，曾有一些学生被介绍到不符合中国教育部标准的私立学校上学。印度使馆提供的指南中对此明确发出了警告。

　　Recruitment of Indian students is facilitated through ‘agents’ in India. Some shady agents have emerged, but guidelines issued by the Indian Embassy clearly warn students about them. Some students were recruited by agents and sent to sub-standard private universities that fail to meet the standards of the Ministry of Education in China.

　　如果对印度医学委员会所认可的这45所医学类高校进行分析，会发现这些学校多数集中于东部省份，其中江苏最多，有7所，其后是广东，有5所，湖北有4所，辽宁、四川和浙江各有3所。中国最西部的新疆维吾尔自治区有2所。

　　Analysis of the 45 medical universities in China approved by the MCI shows that they are mostly concentrated in the eastern provinces, with Jiangsu having the most approved universities at 7, followed by Guangdong with 5, Hubei with 4 and Liaoning, Sichuan and Zhejiang with 3 each. Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China’s westernmost, has 2.

　　2015年7月27日，22岁的印度学生莫非在郑州大学主修医学，今年是他来中国当留学生的第四个年头。[CFP]

　　促使印度学生出国学医并选择中国的原因如下：印度国内医学院校提供的入学名额远远少于想学医的学生人数，要想进入公立医学院校需要参加竞争激烈的考试，而且医学教育的商业化正愈演愈烈。

　　Several factors push students away from India, and others pull them to China. In India, the demand for seats in medical colleges exceeds supply significantly. Admission to public medical colleges is determined by a highly competitive examination, but medical education is becoming more commercialized.

　　印度的医学院校中有约一半都是私立院校，费用昂贵，许多学生负担不起，就把目光转向国外。

　　Almost 50 percent of medical colleges in India are private. These schools charge more than many students can afford, so they seek more affordable opportunities abroad.

　　而中国医学院校的收费相对便宜，这是促使印度学生来华学医的关键因素。

　　And the paramount factor pulling Indian students to Chinese medical colleges is affordability.

　　对比综合学费、食宿费用、生活成本以及其他开支，中国学习成本相比同类其他国家是最低的。2014年，一个在中国读本科的印度学生完成学业的平均花费约250万卢比，约合25万人民币。

　　Compared to comparable countries, Chinese education is the cheapest when fees, accommodation, living costs and other expenses are considered. In 2014, an Indian undergraduate student in China spent an average of 2.5 million rupees to graduate.

　　印度学生又高兴又惊奇地发现，中国大学没有印度私立大学中存在的赞助费这种隐性收费，而且所有这些学校都有英文授课。当然，印度学生来华后还是需要学习中文，否则实习期间将法同中国病人交流。

　　Unlike private Indian colleges, students were pleasantly surprised by the lack of hidden costs in the form of donations in China. All colleges teach in English but students must also study the language to survive interaction with Chinese patients during the internship year.

　　2011年3月4日，印度留学生瑞妮、卡迪卡与南通大学附属医院检验中心工作人员走进小区，上门为行动不便的老人义务抽血进行治疗前的检验。（CFP）

　　除了负担得起费用外，学生们还认为中国医学院的基础设施、实验设备和技术水平要比印度强。

　　Along with affordability, students have also remarked that Chinese medical colleges have better equipment, laboratory facilities and technology compared to those in India.

　　不少学生认为，他们在中国的医学院接受了良好的训练，教学质量通常要比印度高。也有些人表示，由于存在语言障碍，他们获得的实践知识和临床经验要少。许多学生攻克了这些难关，已经能运用中文进行沟通，有些学生甚至返回中国攻读硕士，因为印度医学院的硕士名额依然非常有限。

　　They claim that the training they received in China was high-quality and often better than private and public medical colleges at home. In some cases they noted that they received less practical knowledge and clinical exposure due to the language barrier. Many have been able to overcome such difficulties and use the language effectively. Some students have even started returning for post-graduate studies because those seats in India are also very limited.

　　学生们坦言，他们此前从未想象过到中国学习。到了中国全新的文化环境中，他们不仅需要学习专业技能，还需要学习很多别的东西。女生觉得中国是个治安非常好的国家。印度使馆鼓励学生与来自不同国家的人交流，同时尽量多吸收一些关于中国的知识。

　　The students acknowledged that they never imagined studying in China and had to learn more than technical skills upon arriving in a completely new culture and environment. Women students found it a very safe country. The Indian embassy encourages students to interact more with people from different countries and to absorb as much as they can about China.

　　2015年7月27日，印度学生莫非在郑州大学图书馆内查阅资料。[CFP]

　　除了在美国、英国、澳大利亚、新西兰和加拿大留学的学生，绝大多数在其他国家学习的印度医学留学生学成归国后都要参加国家考试委员会举办的外国医学学历水平测试，通过考试后方可获得执业资格。

　　Upon returning, most Indian graduates of overseas studies, except for those that went to the U.S., the U.K., Australia, New Zealand, Canada, have to sit the Foreign Medical Graduate Exams (FMGE) organized by the National Board of Examinations (NBE) before they can legally practice in India.

　　此项测试难度相当大，而从印度国内医学院毕业的学生则不需要参加这项考试，这导致留学生们怨声载道。种种问题都需要印度国内有关各方共同努力来解决。

　　This examination is fairly difficult and many graduates complain that students graduating from Indian medical colleges do not have to pass such an exam. Such issues must be resolved by the various stakeholders within India.

　　虽然学成归国后会遇到各种问题，但这并没有挡住印度学生前往中国学医的热情。近年来到中国学医的印度学生人数稳步增长，并有望在未来继续保持增长势头。

　　The problem with recognizing the foreign medical graduates returning to India has not deterred Indian students from going to China to study medicine. The volume has steadily increased over the years and appears poised to continue on that trajectory in the future.

　　2012年11月22日，重庆沙坪坝区，第二届重庆大学国际文化节开幕。图为印度留学生在表演舞蹈。[CFP]

　　显然，许多印度留学生在中国收获颇丰。年轻的印度人正在拓宽眼界，将眼光投向邻国，特别是中国，并且看到了中国高等院校中存在的众多机会。

　　Obviously, many students have returned with a wealth of positive experiences. Young Indians are opening their minds to their Asian neighbours, especially China, and see numerous opportunities for higher education just next door.

　　虽说英语国家仍然是印度留学生的首选，但是中国已经成为强有力的竞争者，印度留学生如果想到非英语国家接受优质的高等教育，中国已经成为最好的选择之一。

　　While English-speaking nations are still the preferred destination for most Indians, China is an emerging contender and one of the top non-English speaking countries where Indians can receive quality higher education.

　　印度总统于去年访问中国，双方签署多项谅解备忘录，这将有助于双方的师资和学生交流以及科研合作。两国的教育界人士都希望高等教育的交流和合作能够成为中印双边对话的优先议题，也希望两国会有更多学生选择到对方的高校进行深造。

　　During a visit to China by the President of India in May 2016, several memoranda of understanding were signed to facilitate students and faculty exchanges as well as collaboration in research and innovation. Educators in both countries hope that such exchanges and academic cooperation in higher education will be a priority in bilateral talks and that more students from both India and China will choose to study in each other’s universities.

本文转自《中印对话》独家稿件，版权归原作者所有。

This article is exclusive to China-India Dialogue. All rights reserved.

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　　本文作者Madhurima Nundy为印度中国研究所研究员。

　　The author is associate fellow at the Institute of Chinese Studies (ICS) in Delhi.